From Moses to Abraham to Solomon, Sarah, and Rebecca, many historical figures continue to influence the spiritual, ethical, and religious foundations of Judaism. One such important figure is Maimonides, a Talmudist, Halachist, physician, philosopher, and communal leader whose work has profoundly influenced Jewish thought.
Who Was Maimonides?
Born Moses ben Maimon in Cordoba, Spain in 1135 CE, Maimonides, also known as Rambam, was extremely gifted; he finished his education during his teenage years. Around this same time, his life was uprooted when Muslim fundamentalists, the Almohads, overthrew the more moderate Moors and demanded that Jews either convert to Islam, flee the country — leaving behind their homes and businesses — or face death. While many chose to convert, Maimonides and his family left, ultimately ending up near modern-day Cairo, where Jews were able to practice their faith, after stints in Morocco and present-day Israel.
Maimonides continued his studies in Cairo, becoming a prominent scholar along with several other roles, including legal authority and personal physician to the royal court of Sultan Saladin. During this time, he authored many foundational texts in Jewish scholarship that shed light on
complex legal and ethical matters and also addressed profound questions about G-d, existence, and human purpose, cementing Maimonides’ legacy as a transformative thinker in both Jewish and broader philosophical traditions.
Mishneh Torah: A Comprehensive Guide to Jewish Law
One of Maimonides’ most important works is the Mishneh Torah, a comprehensive guide to Jewish law that was meant to make it more practical, accessible, and unified, simplifying the process of studying and observing it. The Mishneh Torah comprises 14 books, including Sefer Ha-Madda, The Book of Knowledge, which examines the fundamentals of Jewish faith; Sefer Zemanim, The Book of Seasons, which covers the Sabbath and holidays; and Sefer Shofetim, The Book of Judges, which details the legal system, the political system, and mourning practices.
One aspect of the Mishneh Torah that sets it apart from other religious texts is its organizational structure, which is easier to follow than that of the Torah or Talmud. Maimonides also included topics considered mostly irrelevant at that time, such as the laws of sacrifice and agriculture. While the Mishneh Torah has become an integral part of Jewish learning, at the time it was published it received fierce opposition, particularly surrounding Maimonides’ failure to cite any sources and omission of earlier opinions and talmudic debate.
The Eight Degrees of Giving in Judaism
One of the most widely cited sections of the Mishneh Torah is the Eight Degrees of Giving, which goes into Maimonides’ take on tzedakah as a pillar of Judaism. Tzedakah encompasses both voluntary and compulsory giving and is always considered a mitzvah. Maimonides divides it into eight categories defined by different ethical dimensions, leading people to more respectful forms of giving that prioritize the dignity of those in need. The lowest form of giving is that given with reluctance, though even that still benefits the recipient. The highest form of tzedakah is giving that leads to self-sufficiency, such as helping someone find a job or supporting their education.
The Guide for the Perplexed
Another of Maimonides’ enduring works is The Guide for the Perplexed, which contains his philosophical perspective and explores the intersection of faith and reason. Originally composed as a series of letters to one of his students, The Guide addresses profound questions surrounding the nature of G-d, the purpose of creation, and the coexistence of scientific knowledge with religious belief. It was intended to help reconcile Jewish teachings with contemporary philosophical ideas, particularly those of Aristotle.
About Colel Chabad
Colel Chabad is the oldest continuously operating Tzedakah network in Israel. It was founded by Rabbi Schneur Zalman, and his teachings, along with those of other Chabad Rebbes, continue to shape the Hasidic movement. There are many ways to donate to the work it does, including through the Pushka App, which makes digital giving easy. You can also order your own tzedakah box to help you set aside money for charity. Your contribution, regardless of the amount, will have a tangible impact on the lives of those in need. You can also donate your time by volunteering with Jewish charities. Explore various ways to support Israel, especially during this time of crisis, which include:
- Meals On Wheels
- helping widows and orphans
- childcare
- children’s education
- healthcare for low-income Israelis
- nutrition security
- food card distribution
- seasonal needs
- meals for the elderly
Donate to make a meaningful impact in the lives of those in the Jewish community who are in need.
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